The Effect of Edge on Avian Nest Success: How Strong Is the Evidence?
نویسنده
چکیده
Wildlife biologists historically considered the edge between adjacent habitat types highly productive and benef icial to wildlife A currant dogma is that edges adversely affect a wide range o f avian species by increasing depredation and parasitism rates o f nest~ I critically evaluated existing empirical evidence to test whether there was a gradation in nest success as a funct ion o f distance f rom an edge Researchers investigating this question have been inconsistent in their experimental design~ making generalizations about edge-effect patterns difficul£ The majority o f studies I examined f ound nest success varied near edge~ with both depredation rates (10 o f 14 artificial nest studie~ and 4 o f 7 natural nest studies) and parastttsm rotes (3 o f 5 studies) increasing near edger In addittor~ there was a positive rela. tlonship between nest success and patch size (8 o f 8 studies). The most conclusive studies suggest that edge effects usually occur within 50 m o f an edgg whereas studiesproposing that increased depredation rates extend farther than 50 m f rom an edge are less convincing. Prior research has probably focused on distances too far f rom an edge to detect threshold value~ and future research should emphasize smaller scale~. 100-200 m f rom an edge at 20-25 m inotnnent~ Researchers often use relatively arbitrary habitat characteristics to define an edge Therefore, Ipropose that only openings in the forest cxmopy with a diameter three times or more the height o f the adjacent trees should be included in edge analyse,~ This review suggests that fragmentation o f eastern North Ame~can temperate forests could lead to increased nest predation and parasitisnt and there is need to determine i f similar processes occur in other forested regions o f North America Paper submitted August 3, 1992; retdsed manuscript accepted July 18, 1992t El efecto de borde sobre el (~dto en la nidiflcaci6n: ~Cuan firme es la evidencia? Resumen: H i s ~ t ~ los bi6logos de f auna silvestre conslderaron a los hordes entre tipos de habitats adyacentes como altamente productivos y beneficiosos para la f auna silvestre Un dogngt actual sostiene que los hordes afectan adversamente a un ampllo rango de especies de ayes al incrementar las tasas de predact6n y parasittsmo de los nldo~ Yo evalud criticamente la evldencla emptrtca existente para establecer st existla un gradtente en el dxito de los nldos en funci6n de la distancla a un bord~ Los investigadores que a n a l ~ esta cuestidn hart sldo inconsistentes en el disefJo de sus experimento~ haciendo diftcil las generalizaclones acerca de los patrones del efecto de borde& La mayotqa de los estudios que examind establecieron que el ~xtto de los nldos varl6 cerca de los borde~ obsenmndose un i ~ t o tanto en las tasas de predaci6n (10 de 14 estudios de nldos artiflciales y 4 de 7 estudios de nidos naturales) como de parusittsmo (3 de 5 estudlos) cerca de los borde~ Ademds existi6 una relaci6n posttiva entre el dxtto de los nldos y el tamatio de los parches (8 de los 8 estudios). Los estudios mds decisivos sugieren que los efectos de horde ocurren usualmente a menos de 50 m del bordg mientras que los estudios quc proponlan que los incrementos en las tasas de predacidn se extendlan rods alld de 50 m del horde fueron poco convincente~ Investigaclones anteriores se concentraro~ posiblementg en distancias mwy aleJadas del horde como para detectar valores de umbral y la investtgact(m fu tura deberla enfattzar menores escalas; 100-200 m dei horde con incrementos de 20-25 nt Los investigadores usan frecuentemente caracter~ticas del hdbitat relativa. mente awbitrarias para definir un horde. Por consiguiente propon8o que sdlo se incluyan en los andlisis de horde aberttwas en el canopeo forestal q ~ posean un didmetro su-
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Evidence of an Edge Effect on Avian Nest Success
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